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Command: ‘ls’
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Lists the contents of a directory.
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What are common options used with the “ls” Command?
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‘ls -l’ Long format (detailed information).
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‘ls -a’ Shows all files, including hidden files.
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Command: ‘cd’
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Changes the current directory.
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'cd /etc’ Changes to the ‘/etc’ directory.
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'cd ..’ Moves up one directory level.
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Command: ‘pwd’
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Prints the current working directory.
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`pwd`: Displays the full path of the current directory.
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Command: `mkdir`
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Creates a new directory.
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Examples: `mkdir new_folder`
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Creates a directory named `new_folder`.
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Command: `rm`
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Removes files or directories.
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Options: `-r`: Recursively deletes a directory and its contents. `-f`: Forces deletion without prompting.
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Examples: `rm file.txt`: Deletes `file.txt`.
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`rm -rf directory_name`: Deletes a directory and all its contents.
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Command: `cp`
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Copies files or directories.
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Options: `-r`: Recursively copies directories and their contents.
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Examples:** `cp file.txt /destination_folder/`: Copies `file.txt` to `/destination_folder/`.
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`cp -r source_folder/ destination_folder/`: Copies `source_folder` and its contents to `destination_folder`.
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Command: `mv`
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Moves or renames files and directories.
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Examples: `mv old_name.txt new_name.txt`: Renames a file.
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`mv file.txt /destination_folder/`: Moves `file.txt` to another directory.
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Command: `touch`
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Creates an empty file or updates the timestamp of an existing file.
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Example: `touch newfile.txt`: Creates an empty file named `newfile.txt`.
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Command: `cat`
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Concatenates (links) and displays the content of files.
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Example: `cat file.txt`: Displays the contents of `file.txt`.
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Command: `echo`
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Displays a line of text or variable value.
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Example: `echo "Hello, World!"`: Prints "Hello, World!" to the terminal.
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Command: `grep`
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Searches for patterns within files.
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Options: `-i`: Case-insensitive search. `-r`: Searches recursively through directories.
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Example: `grep "search_term" file.txt`: Searches for "search_term" in `file.txt`.
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Command: `man`
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Displays the manual page for a command.
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Example: `man ls`: Shows the manual for the `ls` command.
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Command: `chmod`
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Changes the file or directory permissions.
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Examples: `chmod 755 file.txt`: Sets read, write, execute permissions for the owner and read, execute for others.
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Command: `chown`
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Changes the owner and group of a file or directory.
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Example: `chown user:group file.txt`: Changes the owner to `user` and the group to `group`.
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Command: `su'
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Switches to a different user.
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Command: `sudo`
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Executes a command with superuser (root) privileges.
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Example: `sudo apt update`: Runs the `apt update` command with elevated privileges.
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Command: `apt` or `yum`
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Package management commands for installing, updating, and removing software.
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Examples: `apt install package_name`: Installs a package on Debian-based systems.
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`yum install package_name`: Installs a package on Red Hat-based systems.
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Command: `df`
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Displays disk space usage.
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Options: `-h`: Human-readable format (e.g., KB, MB).
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Example: `df -h`: Shows disk usage in a human-readable format.
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Command: `du`
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Shows disk usage of files and directories.
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Options: `-h`: Human-readable format. `-s`: Summarizes disk usage.
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Example: `du -sh *`: Displays disk usage of all items in the current directory.
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Command: `top`
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Displays active processes and resource usage in real-time.
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Usage: Type `top` and press ENTER to view real-time processes and their resource usage.
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Command: `kill`
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Terminates a process by its process ID (PID).
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Examples: `kill 1234`: Kills the process with PID 1234.
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`kill -9 1234`: Forcefully kills the process with PID 1234.